Understanding American Biodefense and Nationwide Safety Concerns

For decades, the threat of organic weapons has loomed over U.S. national security, dating back to World War II. Surprisingly, the U.S. military has historically neglected research, development, and doctrine related to biodefense. However, in the wake of significant events like September 11 and the anthrax attacks in 2001, the United States shifted its focus by investing billions annually in medical countermeasures and biological detection systems. Interestingly, a majority of this funding now originates from the Department of Health and Human Services rather than the Department of Defense. This prompts the question: why has the military overlooked biodefense, allowing civilian organizations to lead the charge in safeguarding the nation against biological threats? In his book, "American Biodefense," Frank L. Smith III delves into this intriguing and lesser-known narrative surrounding science, technology, and national security.

According to Smith, organizational frames and stereotypes within the military have contributed to army neglect and the growth of civilian biodefense efforts. In the armed forces, prevailing notions of kinetic warfare have weakened defenses against biological threats. These ideas have also influenced science and technology, challenging the traditional belief that national security policy is solely driven by threats or bureaucratic interests. By examining the prevailing military ideologies, Smith illustrates how lessons from biodefense can be applied to tackle a range of critical issues, including radiation weapons and cyber attacks.